(June 24: Editor's update/correction:) I over-reved the engines on this great story yestyerday due to my too-quick read of some newspaper stories and a congressional press release. I am sorry for any confusion.
House Bill 766 bill requesting a waiver the time limitations specified by law in order to allow the Medal of Honor to be posthumously awarded to Chief Master Sgt. Richard L. Etchberger has been approved and appears to be likely to pass the Senate as well.
Once this waiver is approved by Congress and signed into law by the President, it will be directed to the Air Force chain-of-command for review and approval.
Earlier news stories I quoted here yesterday claimed only passage by the Senate and the President's approval remained.
If approved through the chain of command the process would upgrade CMSgt. Etchberger's Air Force Cross awarded in 1969 to the nation's highest award... the Medal of Honor. See citation here.
Etchberger was honored for his defense of a remote U.S. radar outpost in Laos which was highly classified and crucial to the early air campaign against the North Vietnamese.
I am particularly pleased with this news as I have followed this little-known action of US airmen "on the ground" for many years. Etchberger was like to many of our unsung military heroes who simply carry out their orders without fanfare.
"Sheep dipped"
An outstanding Staff NCO, Etchberger was first to be recommended and volunteer for a clandestine mission so secret that he actually had to resign from the Air Force and sign up as an "employee" of a civilian contractors--Lockheed, in this case. Even the volunteers' wives had to come to D.C. to sign confidentiality agreements in personal.
Volunteers for the "Lima Site 85" mission (and scores of others like it) went through a process known in the shadowy world of special operations as “sheep dipping.” They were hired by a legitimate civilian company, and sent into Laos as employees. When their mission was over, they would be welcomed back into the Air Force. If they were captured or killed, their families would be covered by company or Air Force benefits.
Lima Site 85
Forty-eight such volunteers based in Thailand and when they flew to Lima Site 85 for two-week rotational tours of duty in small teams, they wore civilian clothes and carried their Lockheed ID.
The top-secret radar equipment and antennas were rigged with explosives so they could be destroyed before the enemy could capture it. The team "Heavy Green" took over the installation and the radar bombing system went operational on Nov. 1, 1967 to support Operation Rolling Thunder--the bombing of North Vietnam.
As is so often the case in the clandestine ops of the Vietnam war, the key for Lima Site 85 operation was a force of about 1,000 indigenous troops, mostly Hmong but including some Thais. "Two hundred were tucked in close to the radar site, another 800 on the lower parts of the mountain. Two CIA paramilitary officers were stationed just south of the helipad. The approaches to the radar site were strewn with mines and concertina wire," after action reports said.
Nobody expected an enemy force to be able to scale the highest outcropping and attack. From the bottom of the mountain, rocky slopes extended about halfway up at angles of 45 to 60 degrees. The rest of the way to the top was much steeper, rising in places at 85 to 90 degrees.
They were wrong.
Final assault
On March 10 when the attack began, 19 Americans were at Lima Site 85; 16 Heavy Green personnel and three "spooks" sent from Vientiane to direct local air strikes.
Soon the outpost was surrounded by 3,000 enemy troops--five to seven battalions--firing mortars, artillery and rockets with surprising effectiveness.
Bad weather hampered US air support and the order was given to extract the Americans... it proved to be "one day too long."
Incredibly, a sapper team 33 NVA commandos scaled the sheer rock face that operational planners considered "impassable"; they had fatally underestimated the tenacity of the NVA.
They struck the heart of the installation with RPGs and Ak-47s.
The Americans executed their planned egress off the mountain under fire.
The sappers shot down the side of the mountain with automatic weapons and lobbed grenades over the slope in attempts to kill the retreating Americans.
Several US technicians on a lower ledge were killed outright. However, CMSgt. Etchberger was unhurt and, because of him, his wounded companions would live to be rescued. Etchberger kept the sappers at bay with his M-16 rifle.
At least eight Americans were still alive on the mountain. Etchberger, Capt. Stanley J.Sliz, and SSgt. John Daniel were on the ledge. Radar technician, SSgt. Jack Starling, was wounded and playing dead. SSgt. Bill Husband was on top of the mountain and the combat controller, Sgt. Roger Huffman, was near the helipad. The two CIA officers, Howard Freeman and John Spence, were south of the helipad.
Etchberger helped Daniel and Sliz prepare to be hoisted by cable to a hovering chopper, then he and Husband went up the cable last. Etchberger was no sooner inside the helicopter than ground fire burst through the floor, mortally wounding him. He died minutes later. His wife Katherine would receive his Air Force Cross in a closed ceremony in the Pentagon Jan. 15, 1969.
Of the 19 Americans on the mountain, eight had been brought out and 11 were confirmed KIA or MIA, later listed as KIA.
In the confusion of the surprise attack, the thermite explosives on the radar installation were not detonated. Later air strikes finished the job.
After the fall of Site 85 the US ceased placing radar bombing installations in Laos.
On Nov. 1 President Johnson ended the bombing of North Vietnam.
Aftermath
According to John T. Correll, retired editor in chief of Air Force Magazine, in March 2003, two former North Vietnamese commandos who took part in the attack showed the investigators three places where they had thrown Americans bodies over the cliff. The investigators threw mannequins over the edge at those points while a photographer in a helicopter videotaped their fall. That pin-pointed for the investigators, a ledge about 540 feet below.
"Mountaineer-qualified specialists (left) scaled down cliffs to the ledge, where they discovered human remains, leather boots in four different sizes, five survival vests, and other fragments of material that indicated the presence of at least four Americans. The team worked in hazardous conditions, including strong winds and falling rocks, which constrained the search.
"In December 2005, the Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office announced the identification of the remains of TSgt. Patrick L. Shannon, one of the 11 airmen at Phou Pha Thi. Further excavation of the ledges is planned, assuming the willingness of the Laotian government to approve access to the site.
"Today, commentaries on the fall of Lima Site 85 appear with some regularity in newspapers and military journals, but interpretations differ and the controversy continues.
"The losses at (Site 85) seem all the more tragic because, 20 days after the attack, the White House put an end to Rolling Thunder operations above the 20th parallel, of which the Lima Site 85 radar was a part, and the bombing of Hanoi came to a halt. The courage and sacrifice of those who died on the mountaintop stood in counterpoint to the strategic indecision and changing political winds in Washington.
May Sgt. Etchberger and his comrades rest in peace and honored glory.
The Americans at Lima Site 85 on March 11, 1968
• Rescued: Capt. Stanley J. Sliz, SSgt. John Daniel, SSgt. Bill Husband, SSgt. Jack Starling, Sgt. Roger Huffman, Howard Freeman (CIA), John Spence (CIA).
• Killed during rescue: CMSgt. Richard L. Etchberger.
• Killed in action/body not recovered: Lt. Col. Clarence F. Blanton, MSgt. James H. Calfee, TSgt. Melvin A. Holland, SSgt. Herbert A. Kirk, SSgt. Henry G. Gish, SSgt. Willis R. Hall, SSgt. James W. Davis, SSgt. David S. Price, TSgt. Donald K. Springsteadah, SSgt. Don F. Worley.
• Killed in action/body recovered: TSgt. Patrick L. Shannon.
"The highest obligation and privilege of citizenship is that of bearing arms for one's country." - General George S Patton, Jr

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